The Role of Conservation Efforts in Human-Wildlife Interaction

I. Introduction

Welcome to the fascinating world of human-wildlife interaction! In this article, we will explore the crucial role that conservation efforts play in shaping this delicate relationship. As our planet continues to face environmental challenges, it becomes increasingly important to understand and address the impact of human activities on wildlife populations.

Humans and wildlife have coexisted for centuries, and our interactions have shaped the natural world in profound ways. However, with the rapid expansion of human populations and the encroachment of urbanization into natural habitats, the balance between humans and wildlife has been disrupted.

Conservation efforts aim to restore and maintain this balance by protecting and preserving wildlife and their habitats. These efforts involve a range of strategies, including the establishment of protected areas, wildlife management practices, and public awareness campaigns.

One of the primary goals of conservation is to ensure the survival of endangered species. By implementing measures to protect these species and their habitats, we can prevent their extinction and maintain biodiversity. Conservation efforts also help to safeguard ecosystems, as each species plays a vital role in the overall functioning of the environment.

Moreover, conservation efforts have broader implications for human well-being. By preserving natural habitats and wildlife populations, we can ensure the provision of ecosystem services such as clean air, water, and food. These services are essential for human survival and contribute to our overall quality of life.

Throughout this article, we will delve deeper into the various aspects of human-wildlife interaction and explore how conservation efforts are crucial in maintaining a harmonious coexistence. So, let’s embark on this journey and discover the intricate relationship between humans and wildlife!

II. Understanding Human-Wildlife Conflict

Human-wildlife conflict refers to the negative interactions between humans and wildlife that arise when their needs and interests clash. This conflict can occur in various forms and is influenced by several factors, including habitat loss, competition for resources, and human activities. Understanding the causes and examples of human-wildlife conflict is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate its impact and promote coexistence.

A. Definition and causes of human-wildlife conflict

Human-wildlife conflict arises when the activities or presence of wildlife pose a threat to human well-being, livelihoods, or property. It can occur in both rural and urban areas and involves a wide range of species, including large mammals, birds, reptiles, and even insects. The causes of human-wildlife conflict are multifaceted and can be categorized into several key factors:

• Habitat loss and fragmentation: As human populations expand and encroach upon natural habitats, wildlife is forced to adapt and find alternative resources, often leading to conflict with humans.
• Competition for resources: Humans and wildlife often compete for limited resources such as food, water, and space. This competition can escalate into conflict when resources become scarce.
• Human activities: Certain human activities, such as agriculture, livestock farming, and infrastructure development, can attract wildlife to human settlements, increasing the likelihood of conflict.
• Poaching and illegal wildlife trade: The illegal hunting and trade of wildlife can disrupt ecosystems and exacerbate conflict by depleting populations and driving animals into closer proximity with human settlements.
• Climate change: Changes in climate patterns can alter the distribution and behavior of wildlife, potentially bringing them into closer contact with humans and increasing the likelihood of conflict.

It is important to note that human-wildlife conflict is a complex issue influenced by various social, economic, and ecological factors. Understanding the specific causes and dynamics of conflict in a particular region or context is essential for implementing targeted and effective mitigation measures.

B. Examples of human-wildlife conflict scenarios

Human-wildlife conflict can manifest in numerous scenarios, each with its own unique challenges and implications. Here are a few examples of common conflict scenarios:

• Crop raiding: In agricultural areas, wildlife such as elephants, deer, and monkeys may raid crops, leading to significant economic losses for farmers.
• Livestock predation: Predatory animals like lions, wolves, and coyotes may attack and kill livestock, impacting the livelihoods of farmers and ranchers.
• Human injuries and fatalities: Aggressive encounters between humans and wildlife, such as bear or shark attacks, can result in injuries or even fatalities.
• Property damage: Animals like beavers and rodents can cause damage to infrastructure, including dams, roads, and buildings.
• Conflicts in protected areas: Human-wildlife conflict can also occur within protected areas, where wildlife populations may come into conflict with local communities living adjacent to these areas.

These examples illustrate the diverse nature of human-wildlife conflict and highlight the need for context-specific solutions that consider the ecological, social, and economic dimensions of the problem.

III. The Role of Conservation Efforts in Mitigating Human-Wildlife Conflict

Conservation efforts play a crucial role in mitigating human-wildlife conflict. By implementing various strategies, we can reduce the negative impacts of human activities on wildlife populations and their habitats. In this section, we will explore some of the key conservation strategies that have proven effective in minimizing conflict between humans and wildlife.

A. Habitat Preservation and Restoration

One of the most important conservation strategies to reduce human-wildlife conflict is habitat preservation and restoration. As human populations continue to expand, natural habitats are increasingly being encroached upon, leading to habitat fragmentation and loss. This loss of habitat can disrupt the natural behavior and movement patterns of wildlife, often resulting in conflicts with humans.

By preserving existing habitats and restoring degraded ones, we can provide wildlife with the necessary space and resources they need to thrive. This can be achieved through the establishment of protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife reserves, where human activities are regulated to minimize disturbance to wildlife. Additionally, habitat restoration projects can focus on reforesting areas, creating wildlife corridors, and enhancing biodiversity, all of which contribute to reducing human-wildlife conflict.

B. Wildlife Corridors and Fencing

Wildlife corridors and fencing are effective tools in reducing human-wildlife conflict by providing safe passage for animals and preventing them from entering human settlements. Wildlife corridors are strips of land that connect fragmented habitats, allowing animals to move freely between different areas. By creating these corridors, we can minimize the chances of wildlife coming into contact with humans, thereby reducing conflicts.

Fencing can also be used strategically to separate human settlements from wildlife habitats. This can be particularly useful in areas where conflicts are frequent, such as agricultural lands or urban areas near wildlife habitats. By erecting sturdy fences, we can create physical barriers that prevent wildlife from accessing these areas, reducing the likelihood of conflicts.

C. Education and Awareness Programs

Education and awareness programs are essential in promoting coexistence between humans and wildlife. By educating communities about the importance of wildlife conservation and the potential risks associated with human-wildlife conflict, we can foster a greater understanding and appreciation for wildlife.

These programs can include workshops, seminars, and outreach initiatives that engage local communities, schools, and stakeholders. By raising awareness about the ecological role of wildlife, the benefits of conservation, and the best practices for minimizing conflicts, we can empower individuals to take proactive measures to coexist peacefully with wildlife.

Furthermore, education and awareness programs can also focus on providing guidance and support to communities living in conflict-prone areas. This can include training on effective deterrent techniques, such as installing motion-activated lights or using non-lethal methods to deter wildlife from entering human settlements.

IV. Economic Benefits of Conservation Efforts

Conservation efforts play a crucial role in preserving our natural environment and protecting the diverse wildlife that inhabits it. However, conservation is not just about safeguarding the planet; it also brings about numerous economic benefits. In this section, we will explore two key aspects of the economic benefits of conservation: ecotourism and financial incentives for local communities.

A. Ecotourism and its role in supporting conservation

Ecotourism has gained significant popularity in recent years as more people seek meaningful and sustainable travel experiences. This form of tourism focuses on exploring natural environments while minimizing negative impacts on the ecosystem. Ecotourism not only provides a unique opportunity for travelers to connect with nature but also generates substantial economic benefits for local communities.

One of the primary advantages of ecotourism is that it promotes conservation efforts by creating a financial incentive for preserving natural habitats. When tourists visit protected areas, they often pay entrance fees or contribute to conservation funds. These funds are then used to support various initiatives, such as habitat restoration, anti-poaching efforts, and wildlife research. By directly linking tourism revenue to conservation activities, ecotourism ensures that the natural environment is valued and protected.

Moreover, ecotourism stimulates local economies by generating income and employment opportunities. Local communities can benefit from ecotourism through the provision of accommodation, transportation, food, and other services. This influx of tourism revenue can help improve infrastructure, healthcare, education, and overall quality of life for residents in these areas. Additionally, ecotourism encourages the preservation of cultural heritage and traditional practices, as tourists often seek authentic experiences and interactions with local communities.

Furthermore, ecotourism has the potential to diversify local economies that may be heavily reliant on unsustainable industries such as logging, mining, or agriculture. By promoting sustainable tourism practices, communities can reduce their dependence on these industries and transition to more environmentally friendly alternatives. This not only safeguards the natural environment but also creates long-term economic stability and resilience.

B. Financial incentives for local communities

In addition to ecotourism, conservation efforts can also provide financial incentives directly to local communities. Various initiatives and programs have been implemented to ensure that communities living in or near protected areas benefit from conservation activities.

One such example is the concept of payment for ecosystem services (PES), where individuals or organizations pay local communities for the environmental services they provide. These services can include watershed protection, carbon sequestration, or biodiversity conservation. PES programs recognize the vital role that communities play in maintaining healthy ecosystems and compensate them accordingly. By receiving financial incentives, communities are motivated to actively participate in conservation efforts and protect their natural resources.

Another financial incentive mechanism is the establishment of community-based conservation enterprises. These enterprises involve local communities in sustainable resource management and provide them with opportunities to generate income from activities such as eco-friendly agriculture, handicraft production, or wildlife monitoring. By directly involving communities in conservation initiatives, these enterprises empower them to take ownership of their natural resources and promote sustainable practices.

Furthermore, financial incentives can be provided through partnerships between conservation organizations, governments, and local communities. These partnerships can involve revenue-sharing agreements, where a portion of the income generated from activities such as tourism or resource extraction is allocated to local communities. This not only ensures that communities benefit from the utilization of their natural resources but also incentivizes them to actively participate in conservation efforts.

V. Challenges and Limitations of Conservation Efforts

Conservation efforts play a crucial role in mitigating human-wildlife interactions and preserving biodiversity. However, these efforts are not without their challenges and limitations. In this section, we will explore two key challenges faced by conservationists: lack of funding and resources, and conflicting interests and priorities.

A. Lack of funding and resources

One of the major hurdles faced by conservationists is the lack of adequate funding and resources. Conservation projects require significant financial investments to support research, habitat restoration, anti-poaching measures, and community engagement initiatives. Unfortunately, funding for conservation efforts is often limited, leading to a shortage of resources to effectively address the complex issues at hand.

The scarcity of funding can hinder the implementation of conservation strategies and limit the scope of projects. It becomes challenging to allocate resources for critical activities such as wildlife monitoring, habitat protection, and public awareness campaigns. Additionally, insufficient funding may result in inadequate staffing levels, making it difficult to carry out essential tasks and achieve desired outcomes.

Conservation organizations and researchers often rely on grants, donations, and partnerships to secure the necessary funding. However, competition for funding is fierce, and not all projects receive the financial support they require. Limited funding can lead to delays in project implementation, reduced monitoring efforts, and compromised conservation outcomes.

Addressing the lack of funding and resources requires collaborative efforts from governments, non-profit organizations, and the private sector. Increased investment in conservation initiatives, both at the national and international levels, is essential to overcome this challenge. Governments can allocate more funds towards conservation programs, while businesses can contribute through corporate social responsibility initiatives and partnerships with conservation organizations.

B. Conflicting interests and priorities

Conservation efforts often face conflicts arising from competing interests and priorities. Balancing the needs of wildlife conservation with human activities, economic development, and societal demands can be a complex task.

One common conflict arises between conservation and economic development. In many cases, conservation efforts may require restrictions on land use, such as limiting agriculture, logging, or mining activities in protected areas. These restrictions can clash with the economic interests of local communities or industries, leading to resistance and opposition to conservation measures.

Conflicting interests can also arise between different stakeholders involved in conservation efforts. For example, indigenous communities may have traditional practices and beliefs that conflict with modern conservation strategies. Resolving these conflicts requires respectful engagement, dialogue, and finding mutually beneficial solutions that respect both cultural heritage and conservation goals.

Furthermore, conflicting priorities within the conservation community itself can hinder progress. Different organizations and individuals may have varying approaches, perspectives, and priorities when it comes to conservation. These differences can lead to disagreements and challenges in coordinating efforts and implementing cohesive strategies.

Addressing conflicting interests and priorities requires effective communication, collaboration, and stakeholder engagement. It is crucial to involve all relevant parties in decision-making processes and ensure that their concerns and perspectives are heard and considered. Building partnerships and fostering dialogue among diverse stakeholders can help find common ground and develop sustainable solutions.

VI. Policy and Legal Frameworks for Conservation Efforts

In order to effectively address the challenges of human-wildlife interaction and ensure the conservation of our natural resources, it is crucial to have robust policy and legal frameworks in place. These frameworks provide the necessary guidelines and regulations to govern conservation efforts at both the international and national levels.

A. International conventions and agreements

International conventions and agreements play a significant role in shaping conservation efforts worldwide. These agreements serve as a platform for countries to come together and collaborate on addressing common conservation challenges. One such notable agreement is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which was established in 1992.

The CBD aims to promote the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. It provides a framework for countries to develop national strategies and action plans for biodiversity conservation. The CBD also encourages the establishment of protected areas and the integration of biodiversity considerations into various sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.

Another important international agreement is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES regulates the international trade in endangered species and ensures that it does not threaten their survival. The convention provides a framework for countries to cooperate in controlling the trade of wildlife and their products, thereby contributing to their conservation.

These international conventions and agreements serve as important tools for promoting cooperation, knowledge sharing, and capacity building among countries. They provide a platform for countries to work together towards common conservation goals and address the challenges posed by human-wildlife interaction on a global scale.

B. National and regional legislation

In addition to international agreements, national and regional legislation plays a crucial role in shaping conservation efforts. Each country has its own set of laws and regulations that govern the protection and management of wildlife and their habitats.

These laws vary from country to country but generally aim to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources, protect endangered species, and regulate activities that may have an impact on wildlife and their habitats. They may include provisions for the establishment of protected areas, the regulation of hunting and fishing, and the enforcement of wildlife trafficking laws.

For example, in the United States, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is a key piece of legislation that provides for the conservation and recovery of endangered and threatened species. The ESA prohibits the take, possession, import, export, and sale of listed species, as well as the destruction of their habitats.

Similarly, in Kenya, the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act provides for the conservation and management of wildlife and their habitats. The act establishes a legal framework for the protection of wildlife, the regulation of wildlife-related activities, and the establishment of protected areas.

These national and regional laws and regulations are crucial for ensuring the effective implementation of conservation efforts. They provide the legal basis for conservation actions, define the rights and responsibilities of stakeholders, and enable the enforcement of conservation measures.

VII. Collaboration and Partnerships in Conservation Efforts

In the field of conservation, collaboration and partnerships play a crucial role in ensuring the success of efforts to protect and preserve wildlife and their habitats. Government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are at the forefront of these collaborative efforts, working together to address the complex challenges of human-wildlife interaction. Additionally, community involvement and engagement are essential in fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility towards conservation.

A. Government agencies and NGOs

Government agencies, such as wildlife departments and environmental ministries, have a significant role to play in conservation efforts. These agencies are responsible for creating and implementing policies and regulations that protect wildlife and their habitats. They work closely with NGOs, which are non-profit organizations dedicated to environmental conservation, to achieve common goals.

Government agencies and NGOs collaborate in various ways to address conservation challenges. They often work together to conduct research and gather data on wildlife populations, habitat conditions, and threats. This information is crucial for making informed decisions and developing effective conservation strategies.

Furthermore, government agencies and NGOs collaborate in the development and implementation of conservation projects. These projects may involve habitat restoration, wildlife monitoring, anti-poaching initiatives, and community education programs. By pooling their resources and expertise, government agencies and NGOs can maximize the impact of their conservation efforts.

One example of successful collaboration between government agencies and NGOs is the partnership between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Together, they have worked to protect endangered species, such as the black rhino and the Asian elephant, by implementing conservation programs and advocating for stronger wildlife protection laws.

B. Community involvement and engagement

Conservation efforts cannot be successful without the active participation and support of local communities. Engaging communities in conservation initiatives is crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability of these efforts.

Community involvement can take many forms, including education and awareness programs, capacity building, and the establishment of community-based conservation projects. By involving local communities in decision-making processes and providing them with the necessary tools and knowledge, conservation organizations can empower communities to become stewards of their natural resources.

One example of successful community involvement in conservation is the Maasai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association in Kenya. This association works with local Maasai communities to establish conservancies that protect wildlife and promote sustainable land use practices. Through this partnership, the Maasai communities have become actively involved in wildlife conservation, benefiting both the local communities and the wildlife.

Community engagement is also essential in addressing human-wildlife conflicts. By working closely with communities, conservation organizations can develop strategies to mitigate conflicts and promote coexistence between humans and wildlife. This may involve implementing measures such as the construction of wildlife corridors, the use of deterrents to prevent crop raiding, and the establishment of compensation schemes for livestock losses.

VIII. The Role of Technology in Conservation Efforts

Technology plays a crucial role in modern conservation efforts, enabling researchers and conservationists to gather valuable data and monitor wildlife populations more effectively. In this section, we will explore two key technological advancements: remote sensing and monitoring, and GPS tracking and telemetry.

A. Remote sensing and monitoring

Remote sensing refers to the use of satellite imagery and aerial photography to collect data about the Earth’s surface. In the context of conservation, remote sensing allows researchers to monitor changes in land cover, identify habitat loss, and track the movement of wildlife populations. This technology provides a bird’s-eye view of the landscape, enabling conservationists to make informed decisions about habitat management and protection.

One of the main advantages of remote sensing is its ability to cover large areas quickly and cost-effectively. By analyzing satellite images, researchers can identify areas of deforestation, detect illegal logging activities, and monitor the health of ecosystems. This information is crucial for developing conservation strategies and implementing targeted interventions.

Moreover, remote sensing can also be used to track the movement of wildlife populations. By analyzing satellite data and aerial imagery, researchers can identify migration patterns, breeding grounds, and feeding areas. This information helps conservationists understand the behavior and habitat requirements of different species, which is essential for effective conservation planning.

For example, in a study conducted in the Serengeti National Park, remote sensing data was used to track the movement of wildebeest herds during their annual migration. The researchers were able to identify the key corridors and grazing areas used by the wildebeest, which helped inform conservation efforts and ensure the protection of their critical habitats.

B. GPS tracking and telemetry

GPS tracking and telemetry have revolutionized the way researchers study wildlife behavior and movement. By attaching GPS collars or tags to individual animals, researchers can track their movements in real-time and collect valuable data about their behavior, habitat use, and interactions with other individuals.

GPS tracking devices use a network of satellites to determine the precise location of an animal at any given time. This information is transmitted to a central database via telemetry, allowing researchers to monitor the animal’s movements remotely. GPS collars can be programmed to collect data at regular intervals, providing a detailed picture of the animal’s behavior over an extended period.

GPS tracking has been particularly useful in studying the movement patterns of large mammals such as elephants, lions, and bears. By tracking their movements, researchers can identify migration routes, feeding areas, and potential conflict zones with human settlements. This information is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies and mitigating human-wildlife conflicts.

Furthermore, GPS tracking can also help researchers understand the impact of environmental changes on wildlife populations. By comparing the movement patterns of animals before and after a disturbance, such as a wildfire or habitat fragmentation, researchers can assess the resilience of different species and identify areas that require immediate conservation attention.

For instance, in a study conducted in the Amazon rainforest, GPS tracking devices were used to monitor the movements of jaguars in areas affected by deforestation. The researchers found that the jaguars were avoiding the cleared areas and were more likely to concentrate in the remaining intact forests. This information highlighted the importance of preserving large contiguous habitats for the long-term survival of this iconic species.

IX. Success Indicators and Monitoring of Conservation Efforts

In order to measure the effectiveness of conservation projects, it is crucial to establish key performance indicators (KPIs) and implement monitoring and evaluation methods. These tools allow us to track progress, identify areas for improvement, and ensure that our efforts are making a positive impact on human-wildlife interaction.

A. Key performance indicators for conservation projects

When it comes to conservation projects, there are several key performance indicators that can help us assess the success of our efforts. These indicators provide measurable data that can be used to gauge the effectiveness of specific actions and strategies. Some common KPIs for conservation projects include:

• Population growth or stabilization of endangered species
• Reduction of human-wildlife conflicts
• Expansion of protected habitats
• Increased public awareness and engagement
• Enhanced biodiversity and ecosystem health

By tracking these indicators over time, conservationists can determine whether their interventions are achieving the desired outcomes. For example, if the population of an endangered species is increasing or stabilizing, it suggests that conservation efforts such as habitat restoration and anti-poaching measures are effective. On the other hand, if human-wildlife conflicts are not decreasing, it may indicate a need for alternative strategies or additional resources.

B. Monitoring and evaluation methods

Monitoring and evaluation methods are essential for assessing the impact of conservation efforts and making informed decisions about future actions. These methods involve collecting and analyzing data to evaluate the effectiveness of specific interventions and measure progress towards conservation goals.

There are various monitoring and evaluation methods that can be used in conservation projects, depending on the specific objectives and resources available. Some commonly used methods include:

• Field surveys and observations: This involves conducting on-the-ground surveys to collect data on wildlife populations, habitat conditions, and human-wildlife interactions. Field surveys can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of conservation interventions and help identify areas for improvement.
• Remote sensing and satellite imagery: Remote sensing technologies, such as satellite imagery and aerial surveys, can provide a broader perspective on habitat conditions and landscape changes. These tools can help monitor habitat fragmentation, deforestation, and other threats to biodiversity.
• Camera traps and tracking devices: Camera traps and tracking devices are useful for monitoring wildlife movements, behavior, and population dynamics. They can provide valuable data on species distribution, habitat use, and migration patterns, which are essential for effective conservation planning.
• Community-based monitoring: Engaging local communities in monitoring efforts can enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of conservation projects. Local knowledge and participation can provide valuable insights into wildlife behavior, habitat conditions, and the effectiveness of conservation interventions.
• Data analysis and modeling: Analyzing collected data and using modeling techniques can help identify trends, patterns, and potential future scenarios. Data analysis can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of specific interventions and guide decision-making processes.

By combining these monitoring and evaluation methods, conservationists can gather comprehensive data on the impact of their efforts and make evidence-based decisions to improve conservation outcomes. Regular monitoring and evaluation allow for adaptive management, where strategies can be adjusted based on the results and lessons learned.

In the context of human-wildlife interaction, education and awareness play a crucial role in promoting coexistence and conservation efforts. By educating the public about the importance of environmental conservation and fostering awareness about wildlife, we can empower individuals to make informed decisions and take actions that benefit both humans and animals.

A. Importance of Environmental Education

Environmental education is a powerful tool that equips individuals with the knowledge and skills needed to understand and address the complex challenges of human-wildlife interaction. It provides a platform for raising awareness about the ecological significance of wildlife and the impact of human activities on their habitats.

Through environmental education, people can learn about the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the role that wildlife plays in maintaining a healthy environment. It helps individuals recognize the value of biodiversity and the need to protect and conserve it for future generations.

Moreover, environmental education fosters a sense of responsibility and stewardship towards the environment. It encourages individuals to adopt sustainable practices and make conscious choices that minimize their ecological footprint. By promoting a deeper understanding of the natural world, environmental education empowers individuals to become active participants in conservation efforts.

B. Public Outreach and Awareness Campaigns

Public outreach and awareness campaigns are instrumental in engaging communities and mobilizing support for wildlife conservation. These campaigns utilize various communication channels, such as social media, television, radio, and community events, to disseminate information and raise awareness about human-wildlife interaction.

One of the key objectives of public outreach and awareness campaigns is to dispel myths and misconceptions surrounding wildlife. By providing accurate and science-based information, these campaigns help debunk common stereotypes and promote a more nuanced understanding of wildlife behavior and conservation needs.

These campaigns also highlight the benefits of coexistence between humans and wildlife. They showcase successful examples of communities living in harmony with wildlife and emphasize the economic, ecological, and cultural value that wildlife brings to local communities.

Furthermore, public outreach and awareness campaigns encourage individuals to report wildlife sightings, incidents, and conflicts. By establishing effective reporting mechanisms, such as hotlines or online platforms, communities can contribute valuable data that can inform conservation strategies and help mitigate conflicts.

It is important to note that public outreach and awareness campaigns should be tailored to specific target audiences. By understanding the needs, interests, and cultural backgrounds of different communities, these campaigns can effectively engage and resonate with individuals, fostering a sense of ownership and commitment towards wildlife conservation.